Philosophy 101 Study Guide

* Socrates: Philosopher who had confidence in an outright set in stone; asked understudies guided inquiries toward make them utilize their explanation, later became Socratic Method. Accused of presenting weird divine beings and ruining the youthful, he ended it all. * Rhetoric: Saying things in a persuading matter * Skepticism: The possibility that nothing can ever be known without a doubt. * Sophists: A savvy and educated individual, disparaging of customary folklore, dismissed â€Å"fruitless† philosophical speculations.A individual from a school of antiquated Greek expert thinkers who were master in and shown the abilities of talk, contention, and discussion, yet were censured for presumptive thinking. * Socratic Irony: Feign Ignorance, or claim to be more moronic than truly are to uncover the shortcomings of individuals' reasoning * â€Å"One thing just I know, and that will be that I know nothing† * â€Å"He comprehends what great is will do good† * Plato (4 28-347 B. C. Athens, Greece): Student of Socrates. Set up ‘The Academy'. Composed Dialogs. He was a Dualist. * Two sections to a human: Body ; Soul Plato viewed the body and soul as discrete elements * An individual may pine for or have a hunger for something, yet oppose the hankering with resolution. An accurately working soul requires the most elevated part, reason, to control the least part, craving, with help from the will. * Plato accepted that however the body kicks the bucket and breaks down, the spirit keeps on living for eternity. After the passing of the body, the spirit relocates to what Plato called the domain of the unadulterated structures. There, it exists without a body, thinking about the forms.After a period, the spirit is resurrected in another body and comes back to the world. Be that as it may, the resurrected soul holds a diminish memory of the domain of structures and longs for it * Theory of thoughts/frames: the truth behind the material world, which co ntains the unceasing and unchanging â€Å"patterns† behind the different wonders, we go over in nature. * Plato accepted that everything substantial in nature streams. There are no substances that don't break down, thus everything is made of an ageless â€Å"mold† or â€Å"form† that is endless and unchanging. * Eternal: Lasting or existing orever; without end or starting. * Immutable: Unable to be changed * Form (Ideas): A structure is a theoretical property or quality. Take any property of an article; separate it from that protest and think about it without anyone else, and you are mulling over a structure. For instance, on the off chance that you separate the roundness of a b-ball from its shading, its weight, and so forth and think about only roundness without anyone else, you are thinking about the from of roundness. * The structures are extraordinary. This implies they don't exist in existence. A material item, a ball, exists at a specific spot at a specif ic time.A structure, roundness, doesn't exist at wherever or time. * Pure †the structures just embody one property. Material items are polluted; they consolidate various properties, for example, darkness, circularity, and hardness into one article. * Archetypes †The structures are originals; that is, they are ideal instances of the property that they epitomize. The structures are the ideal models whereupon every single material item are based. The type of redness, for instance, is red, and every single red item are essentially defective * Ultimately Real †The structures are the eventually genuine elements, not material objects.All material articles are duplicates or pictures of some assortment of structures; their world comes just from the structures. * Causes †The structures are the reasons for all things. * They give the clarification of why anything is how it is * They are the source or birthplace of the being of all things * Systematically Interconnected â₠¬ The structures contain a framework driving down from the type of the Good moving from increasingly broad to progressively specific, from increasingly goal to more subjective.This deliberate structure is reflected in the structure of the rationalization procedure by which we come to information on the structures. * Realm of Forms (World of Ideas): The world that we see through the brain, utilizing our ideas, is by all accounts perpetual and constant. People approach the domain of structures through the psyche, through explanation, given Plato's hypothesis of the regions of the human spirit. This gives them access to a perpetual world, insusceptible to the torments and changes of the material world.By segregating ourselves from the material world and our bodies and building up our capacity to fret about the structures, we discover a worth which isn't available to change or breaking down. * Realm of the Illusory (World of the Senses): The world we see through the faculties is by all accounts continually evolving. It appears that all the articles we see with the faculties are basically pictures or encounters in our psyche. They are just emotional purposes of perspectives on the genuine items. For instance, the world shows up fundamentally distinctively to a visually challenged individual than it does to us.The objects that we see as shaded, at that point, must not be the genuine articles, however simply our experience of these items that is controlled by my specific emotional perspective and perceptual contraption. * True Knowledge * He accepted that as aftereffect of the consistent change inside the material world we would never truly have genuine information. * Eros: Greek divine force of adoration; child of Aphrodite; frequently demonstrated blindfolded * Rationalism: the conviction that human explanation is the essential wellspring of our insight into the world * Three pieces of the Soul Reason (Intellect) * In the Head * Provide Wisdom * Where our individua l/one of a kind abilities lie * If reason works amazingly (arete) at that point we are shrewd to that degree * If we practice knowledge to the degree then that piece of the spirit is magnificent * Responsible for affection for learning, energetic, and enlivened * Passion [Appetite/Desire] * From Greek word â€Å"Pathe† meaning the unreasonable developments of the spirit * In gut * Provides balance If enthusiasm works incredibly then we are mild * If we practice balance to the degree then that piece of the spirit is fantastic * Responsible for Desire * Thymos * Means Spirit/Will * In Heart * Provides Courage * Can assist reason with acing energy * If we practice mental fortitude to the degree then that piece of the spirit is brilliant * Responsible for outrage * Views on Women: Plato accepted that ladies had a right, or you may even consider it a task to carry out in the public arena. Their job was to be a critical piece of society, not quite the same as men, yet at the same t ime play a part.Plato accepted that ladies were important for society to run easily. * Women were not equivalents of men * Women needed quality * Women are normally maternal * In Plato’s time it was unbelievable to see ladies as in excess of a bit of property. * Dualist: a sharp division between the truth of thought and expanded reality. * Aristotle (384-322 B. C; Macedonia, Athens): Pupil of Plato's. Trusted Plato's universe of thoughts didn't exist however that the endless thought was actually an idea the possibility of a pony that we have in the wake of seeing huge numbers of them. Learn know through the faculties. â€Å"20 questions†. Causes * What sort of material it is made of? * Wood * What kind of thing it is? * Table * What made it appear? * How it was constructed; the undertaking should have been done to make the table * Purpose or Final Cause (Telos): The reason, end, point, or objective of something. The last reason is the reason why a thing exists. * Meant to be a supper table or work area * Views on Women: Viewed them as â€Å"unfinished men†. * Golden Mean: One can't be a lot of a certain something or excessively less, should be adjusted * Empiricism: Derive all information from what the faculties tell us.There are no intrinsic thoughts and can't demonstrate the presence of God, endlessness or substance * Hellenism: The timeframe and the Greek-overwhelmed culture that won in the three Hellenistic Kingdoms of Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt. The dissemination of Greek Culture all through the Mediterranean world after the victory of Alexander the Great. * The Cynics: True bliss doesn't originate from outer focal points, similar to control/great wellbeing. When you have genuine satisfaction, it can't be lost. Their own/others wellbeing shouldn't upset them. * The Stoics * Stoicism was established by a man named Zeno, who lived from 335-263 BC. He used to address not in a homeroom however outside, on the patio of an open structure * The word for yard in Greek is STOA, thus individuals called his understudies Stoics * People should attempt to arrive at internal quietness * Moderate in everything * Be content with what they had. This would prompt a glad life * The best sign of a person's way of thinking was not what an individual said but rather how he carried on * Destructive feelings came about because of mistakes in judgment * Sage: individual of â€Å"moral and scholarly perfection† * Would not experience the ill effects of such feelings The Epicureans: They accepted delight is the best acceptable, however to achieve joy was to live unobtrusively, gain information on the operations of the world, and breaking point to one's wants. * Neo-Platonism: Belief of two posts on Earth, one end is the plunge light called the One (God). Opposite end is outright haziness, no presence, the nonappearance of light. * Syncretism: The joining of various convictions, regularly while merging acts of different ways of thi nking. * Mysticism: One with God, converging with him. â€Å"I am God. † or â€Å"I am You. † * Two Cultures The Indo-Europeans: Related dialects of Europe, India, and Iran, which are accepted to have slid from a typical tongue spoken generally in the third thousand years B. C. by an agrarian people groups beginning in SE Europe * The Semites: An individual from any of the people groups who talk or communicated in a Semitic language, remembering for specific the Jews and Arabs-for the most part Middle Easterners, they considered history to be an on going line, world will end on day of atonement * The Middle Ages: Period of European history from the fifth century to the fifteenth century * St. Augustine: Latin-speakin